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ETHICS &
BEST PRACTICES
ALABAMA FOREIGN LANGUAGE
COURT INTERPRETER PROGRAM
ORIENTATION SEMINAR
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IMPORTANCE OF INTERPRETERS
Hoving on interpreter ensures full ond foir porticipotion ond
improves occess to justice for linguistic minorities in our
courts.
ETHICS REVIEW
a
I . Act in The Best lnterest Of The Court And Fidelity To The NES
2. Proper Decorum And Respect For The Court
3. Avoid Conduct Thot Could Discredit You With The Court
ottorney, judge or other court officer is present of oll times.
4. Work Unobtrusively
) ovoid eye contoct with the NES
) utilize proper tone of voice
) oddress judge with issues regording interpreter performonce
5. Accurotely Stote Your Quolificotions
6. Refuse Assignments For Which You Are Not Quolified
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Code of Professionol Responsibilitv
7. Disclose Any Conflict Of lnterest, Prior lnvolvement ln The Cose, Witness
Or Porty Before Proceeding Commences
) recusol is recommended if conflict of interest is present
8. Accurote And Foithful lnterpretotion
) do not use fociol expressions ond body movement
) if discreponcy with legol terminology or legol concept osk
to opprooch the bench olong with the ottorney
9. Preserve Level, Style, Tone And lntent
)do not olter, odd or omit
l0. lnform Judge lf NES Hos Questions Or Connot Understond
) culturol misunderstonding - preferobly use
pre-triol conference with judge ond ottorneys
to clorify procedure
1 l. Request Clorificotion Of Ambiguous Stotements
) words with more thon one meoning in either longuoge
) invented words: Sponglish, Slong
12. Promptly Notify Court Of Error ln Your lnterpretotion
) correct mistokes immediotely or os soon os discovered
) be responsible for your performonce
13. Continuol Skills lmprovement
) prepore for eoch individuol cose
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Code of Professionol Responsibilitv
I 4. Mointoin lmportiolity
) professionol conduct
> NO contoct with NES without ottorney, judge or court
officer
proceedings
> NO contoct with NES or fomily members outside legol
> NO contoct with jury members
)ovoid undue contoct with porties outside proceedings
.l5.
,l5.
Do Not Toke Advontoge Of lnformotion Or Knowledge
Obtoined During Proceedings For Personol Goin
Confidentiolity Of Motters
) do not disclose informotion to 3rd porties, including fomily
members
) forget "oll soid" ofter proceedings hove concluded
) destroy or turn over to the court reporter oll notes mode
during proceedings
) do not post informotion from proceedings on sociol mediq
I 7. lnform Judge lf You Feel Horossed Or Threotened By Any
18. Report Solicitotions, lnducements Or Bribes To Violote The
Porty
Low
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Code of Professionql Responsibilifu
.l9.
Do Not Accept Any Other Compensotion Beyond Whot ls
Authorized
) do not occept poyments from NES or fomily members if
oppointed ond poid for by the court or stote
) disclose privote engogement ogreements to the court ond
opposing porty if required
20. DO NOT EXPRESS PERSONAL OPINIONS
21 . DO NOT GIVE LEGAL ADVICE (Remember Your Role)
) refer question to the judge or ottorney
> DO NOT onswer directly ony questions from NES (interpret to
ottorney or judge)
> DO NOT odvocote counsel or provide ossistonce to NES or
fomily members outside of proceedings
) duql roles ore prohibited
) tronslotor/tronscribe ond interpret in some proceeding
) court odvocote/sociol odvocote/interpreter
) ottorney/interpreter
) judge/interpreter (must stote for court record)
22. Do Not Act As A Referrol Service For Any Attorney
) refer to Alobomo Stote Bor Associotion or Legol Services
23. You Are Bound By This Code Of Ethics
) violotions moy result in removol from the registry,
odditionol sonctions ond even criminol chorges
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APPLICABTE
ATABAMA IAWS
AND
ATABAMA BAR GUIDANCE
LAWS AND OTHER REGULATIONS
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Unlqwfu! Prqclice of low (UP[l
Alo.Code 1975 S34-3-l
lf ony person sholl, without hoving become duly licensed to proctice,
or otherwise proctice or ossume to oct or hold himself out to the
public os q person quolified to proctice or corry on the colling of o
lowyer, he sholl be guilty of o misdemeonor ond fined not to exceed
$500.00, or be imprisoned for o period not to exceed six (6) months, or
both.
Alq.Code 1975 S34-3-7
Any person, firm or corporotion who is not o regulorly licensed ottorney
who does on oct defined in this orticle to be on oct of procticing low
is guilty of o misdemeonor ond, on conviction, must be punished os
provided by low. Any person, firm or corporotion who conspires
with, oids ond obets onother person, firm or corporotion in the
commission of such misdemeonor must, on conviction, be
punished os provided by low.
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Ethics Opinion RO-2008-l
lssued By The Alobomo Stote Bor Associotion Office Of Generol
Counsel
. All Alobomo Lowyers (ond others procticing in Alobomo Courts)
ore bound by it
o Regulotes odvertising longuoge copobilities
. Ad must specify who possesses such copobilities
o All responsibility for occurocy of informotion reloyed between
interpreter employee ond client
. Attorney must not ossist interpreter in the commission of UPL
. Attorney must be present of oll conferences with client ond
should not ollow non-lowyer employee to meet privotely
with the client
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GENERAT
I NTERPRETING PR!N ICIPATS
AND
BEST PRACTICES
NOW WHAT DO IDO ?
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Orol lnterprelino v. Poper Tronslqlins
lnterpreting: is the unreheorsed tronsmitting of o spoken
messoge from one longuoge (source longuoge) to o
spoken messoge in onother longuoge (torget longuoge)
Tronsloting: is the converting of q written text from one
longuoge (source longuoge) into written text in onother
longuoge (torget longuoge)
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Whol ls The Inlerpreter's Job?
. To render everything soid in court from the source longuqge into the
torget longuoge - TANGUAGE CONDUIT
. Accurotely without ony distortion of meoning
. Without omissions
. Without odditions
. Without chonges to style of register
. With os little deloy ond interference os possible
. Level communicotion disqdvontoge
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Besl Proctices
Remember your role - DO NOT GIVE LEGAL ADVICE
. lnform court if breoks ore needed
. Moke inquiry obout cose before occepting ossignment (conflict of
interest)
. Pouse in interpreter needs ossistonce with technicol longuoge
(become fomilior with technicoljorgon before court or
proceeding oppeoronce)
Meet with Non-English speoker ond ottorney prior to proceedings
(in the presence of ottorney)
Convey legol odvice from on ottorney to o person only while thot
ottorney is giving it
Should not exploin forms or seryices unless interpreting for someone
octing in on officiol copocity
. lnterpreter should olwoys render testimony in the first person
. lnterpreter should olwoys speok to the court in the third person if
need to oddress the court
. lnterpreter should hove dictionory ond notepod of oll times
. lnterpreter should focus on o neutrol spot to direct eyesight
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Besl Proclices
o Record (video if possible) oll proceedings where on interpreter is
used
. No other person besides the NES ond interpreter should be ollowed
to speok in the foreign longuoge
. lf o porty objects to interpreter's performonce, such should be
oddressed with the court ond/or ottorney
. The interpreter should not be intenupted
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lnierpreler ls An Officer Of The Courl
YOU SERVE THE PROCESS/SYSTEM
. NEVER: provide legol odvice
. NEVER: onswer o question
. NEVER: provide explonotions of terms or processes
. NEVER: exploin forms or services
. NEVER: be olone with lhe person you ore interpreting for
. NEVER: interpret "whot is meont to be soid"
. NEVER: interpret non-verbql communicotion ond responses
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FOREIGN LANGUAGE
COURT INTERPRETER
ONE-DAY
ORIENTATION SEMINAR
OFFERED BY :
Alabama Administrative Office of Courts
Foreign Language ! nterpreter Program
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ALABAMA,S
FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
COURT
INTERPRETER
PROGRAM
43
ALABAMA'S FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURT INTERPRETER PROGRAM
1. THE ALABAMA ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE OF COURTS
The Alabama Administrative Office of Courts (AOC) is an office created by Alabama's
Constitution with many responsibilities including the general administration of Alabama's
Unified Judicial system (uJS). The Aoc is located in Montgomery, Alabama.
The AOC, under the direction of the Administrative Director of Courts, is responsible for
providing centralized-administrative support for the proper operation of Alabama's state
court system. This support includes the development of procedures and systems
necessary for the state court's efficient operation, and the collections and dissemination
of information needed for the continued development of these procedures and systems.
The AOC carries out these responsibilities through a network of specialized divisions,
including the AOC Legal Division. The Legal Division has been given the opportunity to
develop and implement the Foreign Language Court lnterpreter Program for Alabama's
Unified Judicial System.
2. ALABAMA,S POLCIES & PROCEDURES FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURT INTERPRETERS
Alabama's laws and rules require Alabama's courts to provide qualified foreign language
interpreters.
A. Criminal and Juvenile Proceedings
The Alabama law requires the court to provide a "qualified" interpreter in all criminal and
juvenile proceedings. This law states that the party or witness must inform the court of
his or her need for an interpreter. After the court determines that an interpreter if
required, the court shall appoint a "qualified" individual to interpret the proceedings for
the party or witness requiring such assistance.
Upon the court's appointment, an interpreter shall swear under oath that he or she will
render a true and clear interpretation to the best of his or her skill and judgment. After
providing this service for the court, the interpreter shall submit his or her expenses to the
judge for approval, and upon approval, the interpreter shall forward his or her claim form
to the state Comptroller to be paid.
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B. Civil Proceedings
ln civil proceedings, Rule 43(f) of the Alabama Rules of Civil Procedure state
that the court may appoint a qualified interpreter and determine the
interpreter's reasonable compensation. ln civil cases, the interpreter's fees
and expenses are paid pursuant to Rule 43(f), and may be taxed as costs to
one or more parties.
ln 2008, the Administrative Office of Courts adopted Policies and Procedures
for Foreign Language lnterpreters. These policies and procedures are not
unlike those adopted and enforced by numerous other states that are now
members of the NCSC Consortium for Language Access in the Courts. These
Policies and Procedures are located on AOC's website www.Alacourt.gov and
are also on pages 9 - 64 of this presentation. They address many foreign
la nguage cou rt i nterpreter issues, i ncl ud i ng el igi bi I ity, registration,
certification, appointment, responsibilities, compensation, conduct, ethics,
and discipline.
3. WHAT ARE
FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERPERTERS
,,CERTIFIED"
Under Alabama law, Alabama's courts are required to appoint qualified foreign
language court interpreters. Alabama Policies and Procedures for Foreign
Language lnterpreters further identifies the method by which an interpreter
becomes certified, outlines interpreter qualifications and responsibilities and
gives best practices for providing foreign language court interpreter service.
The first step for an individual to become a certified court interpreter for
Alabama's courts is to register with the AOC.
4. HOW DOES AN INTERPRETER REGISTER WITH THE AOC?
An individual who wishes to provide foreign language interpreter service in
Alabama's courts must first register with the AOC by completing and returning
the Foreign Language lnterpreter Application Registration Form to the AOC
(www.Alacourt.gov under the ICON "INTERPRETERS").
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Registration also includes the return of the authorization form
(www.Alacourt.gov under the ICON "INTERPRETERS") allowing the AOC to
conduct a criminal background check and the E-Verify Form
(www.Alacourt.gov under the ICON "INTERPRETERS" - this form does have to
be notarized).
After an interpreter properly registers with the AOC, the interpreter's name
and contact information is then listed on AOC's Foreign Language lnterpreter
ln-House Registry. Once an interpreter passes the written exam the
interpreter's name is then moved to AOC's Foreign Language lnterpreter
Registry. This registry is maintained on the AOC's website and is available to
Alabama's judges, to attorneys, and to the general public.
After registering, dh interpreter who must update or change any personal
information, including interpreter's mailing address; or who wishes to be
removed from the AOC's Registry, must send this information or request in
writing to the AOC at the following address:
Foreign Language lnterpreter Program
AOC Legal Division
300 DexterAvenue
Montgomery, AL 36LO4
5. HOW DOES AN INTERPRETER BECOME A CERTIFIED INTERPRETER FOR
ALABAMA'S COU RTS?
The following information provides an outline of the steps necessary for
becoming a certified interpreter for Alabama's courts:
STEP 1. REGISTRATION, BACKGROUND & E-VERIFY CHECKS
An interpreter must register with the Administrative Office of Courts by
completing and returning (1) the application registration form, (2) the
authorization form to conduct a criminal background check and (3) the E-
Verify Affidavit Form (this form has to be notarized)
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An interpreter who has registered is NOT a certified court interpreter.
However; if a registered interpreter is appointed by the court to provide
qualified interpreter services, a registered interpreter is paid SZS per hour.
STEP 2. WRITTEN EXAM AND ORIENTATION SEMINAR
All registered interpreters must pass the written exam and attend the
interpreter orientation seminar. After passing the written exam and attending
the interpreter orientation seminar; the interpreter is recognized as a
Cond itiona llv Approved I nterpreter.
A Conditionally Approved lnterpreter is on their way to becoming a certified
court interpreter. Also, when appointed by the court to provide qualified
interpreter services, a Conditionally Approved lnterpreter is paid SgO per hour.
STEP 3. ORAL CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION
Onlv after 0assing the written exam and attending an orientation seminar. the
Conditionally Approved lnterpreter may take the oral examination. When
taking the oral examination, the interpreter's foreign language court
interpreter certification level is determined by the interpreter's oral exam
scores in each of the following portions of the exam: simuttaneous,
consecutive, and sight translation.
6. WHAT ARE THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURT INTERPRETER CERTIFICATION
LEVELS:
Based upon the interpreter's oral exam scores, the interpreter may be
classified at one of the following interpreter certification levels:
Jou rnevma n I nterpreter
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of g0 percent or
higher and completing the orientation seminar; the lnterpreter has passed the
oral exam with a score of 60 percent or higher on the simuttaneous and
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Consecutive portions of the exam; and a score of 55 percent or higher on the
English to foreign language sight translation and foreign language to English
sight translation portion of the exam.
A Journeyman lnterpreter is paid SgS per hour.
Certified lnterpreter
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of 80 percent or
higher and attending the orientation seminar; the interpreter has passed the
oral exam with a score of 70 percent or higher on the simultaneous and
consecutive portions of the exam; and obtained a minimum score of 65
percent on the English to foreign language sight translation and foreign
language to English sight translation portion of the exam, with an average of
70 percent or higher overall.
A Certified lnterpreter is paid S+O per hour.
Certified - Master Level lnterpreter
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of 80 percent or
higher and attending the orientation seminar, the interpreter has passed the
oral exam with a score of 80 percent or higher on each portion of the exam:
simultaneous, consecutive, English to foreign language sight translation and
foreign Ianguage to English sight translation.
A Certified - Master Level lnterpreter is paid S45 per hour.
7. HOW MUCH DOES IT COSTS TO BECOME A CERTIFIED INTERPRETER FOR
ALABAMA'S COU RTS?
The lnterpreter will pay for the following in becoming a certified court
interpreter. These costs are subject to change.
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1. Registration Fee -- No Charge
2. Written Exam -- 535.00
3. Orientation Seminar-No Charge
4. Oral Exam - Spanish -- 5350.00
5. Oral Exam - All Other Languages -- SSSO.OO
8. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF BECOMING A CERTIFIED COURT INTERPRETER?
The qualifications of each certified court interpreter are placed on AOC's
Foreign Language Court lnterpreter Registry. This registry is made available to
Alabama's courts, to attorneys and to the general public. Alabama's courts
appoint "qualified" interpreters and accordingly, seek to identify foreign
language interpreters who have pass the exam and achieved an acceptable
certification level as listed on AOC's Registry.
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ALABAMA'S UNIFIED JUDICIAL SYSTEM
POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
FOR
FOREIG N LANG UAG E I NTERPRETERS
current as of 1L/01,12O19
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SEgflON 1 - GENERAL INFORMATION
SECIION 1.1Scope
This manual, established by Alabama's Administrative Office of Courts (AOC),
contains the policies and procedures for providing foreign language
interpreters in Alabama's circuit, district and juvenile courts as required by law.
Alabama's Administrative Director of Courts (ADC) may appoint a designated
person to act on his or her behalf in carrying out any of the duties and
responsibilities stated herei n.
SEgflON L.2- Purpose
The purpose of this manual is to facilitate the efficient use of competent and
ethical foreign language interpreters in Alabama court proceedings.
lnterpreters in Alabama's courts must possess special knowledge of grammar,
vocabulary, idioms, slang, dialects, cultural nuances and the legal terminology
of the two languages. These interpreters also must posses special cognitive
skills including memory, comprehension, listening, note taking and analytical
skills.
SECflON 1.3 - DEFINITIONS
The following terms are defined as follows:
Registered lnterpreters: Foreign language interpreters successfully registered
with AOC and listed by AOC FLI Registry.
Certifi ed I nterpreters: Regi ste red fo re i gn I a n gu a ge i nte rp rete rs h avi n g
completed one or more AOC interpreter certification level requirements.
AOC Foreign Language lnterpreter Registry (AOC FL! Registry): AOC's listing of
registered and certified foreign language interpreters.
NES: Non-English speaking individual.
dd--l .*
lnterpreting: Converting statements spoken in one language into statements spoken in
another language.
Translating: Converting a written text from one language into the written text of another
language.
SightTranslating: Reading a written document silently in one language and converting it
verbally into another language.
Consecutive !nterpreting: lnterpreting an individual's statement after individual has
spoken.
Simultaneous lnterpreting: lnterpreting continuously at the same time an individual is
speaking.
SECTION 2 - REGISTMTION AND CERTIFICATION
Section 2.1 Registration
Effective October 1,2008, foreign language interpreters providing services in Alabama's
district, circuit and juvenile courts shall register with the Alabama Administrative Office of
Courts (AOC) pursuant to procedures established by the ADC.
Section 2.2 Eligibility
A. Criminal Background
Each lnterpreter shall register with the AOC by completing, signing and returning the
foreign language application registration form to the Foreign Language lnterpreter
Program, AOC Legal Division (www.Alacourt.gov under the ICON "INTERPRETERS"). Each
interpreter shall allow the AOC to conduct a criminal background and E-Verify check. The
ADC or named designee shall perform a criminal background and E-Verify check and the
ADC shall determine if the interpreter is eligible to be listed on the AOC FLI Registry.
B. Ethical and Professional Conduct
To be eligible to be listed on the AOC FLI Registry, interpreters must agree to abide by the
ethical and professional behavior policies and the Code of Professional Responsibility
outlined in this manual. An interpreter's unethical or unprofessional conduct may result
in the interpreter's removal from the AOC FLI Registry.
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Section 2.3 Certification
Following registration, and upon successfully completion of AOC's required
testing and orientation at the AOC testing and orientation centers, and based
upon an individual's initial and subsequent testing scores on standardized
written and oral exams administered by the AOC, the ADC shall assign a
certification level to each registered interpreter listed on the AOC FLI Registry.
The interpreter's rate of pay shall correlate with the interpreter's certification
level. Each certification level with a corresponding rate of pay is listed in
Attachment B. I nterpreter registration req uirements and interpreter
certification levels may be modified at any time by the ADC.
Section 2.4 Reciprocity
Automatic reciprocity does exist for interpreters currently certified by the
Federal Court lnterpreter Certification (FCICE) Program. Although no
automatic reciprocity exists for test results or certification(s) from other states,
the Director of AOC may review and agree to accept such scores or
certifications on a case-by-case basis. The individual will be placed at a level of
Certification in Alabama equal with that achieved in their provided test results.
ln order to be considered for reciprocity, the interpreter must:
1. File an Application Registration Packets;
2. Present acceptable and current state interpreter credentials to include letter
including English proficiency written exam scores from home state
Administrative Office of Courts;
3. Submit and successfully pass an ALEA criminal background and Beason-
Hammon E-Verify affidavit form check;
4. Submit s signed interpreter oath and required citizenship forms.
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SEgflON 3 -APPOINTMENTAND SCHEDULING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
INTERPRETERS
Section 3.1 Authority of the Court
Each court has the inherent authority to appoint a foreign language
interpreter when, in the discretion of the court, an interpreter is necessary.
(See Ala. Code (1975) S1s-1-3).
Section 3.2 Appointing and Scheduling
A. Registered and Certified lnterpreters
The AOC shall maintain an AOC FLI Registry of individual authorized to provide
interpreting services in Alabama's courts. The appointment and scheduling of
a qualified interpreter remains the function of the local court.
The court shall give prefurence to an AOC certified interpreter.
When a certified interpreter listed on the AOC FLI Registry is not reasonable
available, the court may use a qualified interpreter of the court's own
selection. While an NES individual may request to use a volunteer interpreteq
the court shall not use this volunteer to serve as the court's interpreter unless
that person can otherwise be qualified by the court and no party expresses a
founded objection. When appointing an interpreter, the court should consider
the following:
1. The interpreter's native language;
2. How the interpreter learned English or the foreign language;
3. The interpreter's education and formal study of English and/or foreign
language;
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4. The interpreter's mastery of English and the foreign language;
5. The interpreter's knowledge of idioms, slang, and dialect in both languages;
6. The interpreter's knowledge of legal or other specialized terminology;
7. Any training or experience the interpreter has in interpreting or translating in other
contexts;
8. Whether the interpreter is familiar with the Foreign Language lnterpreters' Code of
Professiona I Responsibi I ity; a nd
9. Whetherthe interpreter is able to interpret in the simultaneous and/or consecutive
modes of i nterpretation.
The court shall advise any qualified interpreter not listed on the AOC FLI Registry to
immediately register with AOC.
B. Foreign Languages OtherThan Spanish
When an interpreter is requested to provide services in a foreign language other than
Spanish, the court may contact the AOC for information that may assist the court in
providing a qualified interpreter; and the court shall appoint a qualified interpreter
pursuant to Ala. Code (1975) 5 15-1-3. lf not listed on the AOC FLI Registry, the
interpreter appointed by the court shall immediately register with the AOC.
Section 3.3 Form for Payment
When requesting payment for interpreter services, interpreters shall submit each request
as required by the AOC and the state Comptroller. The interpreter's request for payment
shall be submitted, reviewed and approved pursuant to Ala. code (1975) S 15-1-3.
Section 3.4 RemovalorWithdrawalof an lnterpreterfrom a Case
After an interpreter's appointment, the court may determine that an interpreter is not
adequately competent, has engaged in misconduct, or is otherwise unable to perform the
requested necessary interpreting services, orthat the interpreter is not necessary. The
court may in its discretion remove the interpreter. Similarly, a qualified interpreter should
immediately notify the court if unable to adequately perform the interpreter services as
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appointed. Should such removal involve interpreter misconduct, the court
shall promptly report this misconduct to the ADC in writing, and the ADC or
named designee shall conduct an investigation and take further action as may
be required.
Section 3.5 Oath
Pursuant to Ala. Code (1975) S 15-1-3, the interpreter, upon appointment,
"shall swear under oath that he or she will render a true and clear
interpretation to the best of his or her skill and judgment".
Examplei "l,John Smith, upon appointment by the court as interpreter; do
swear or affirm that I will, to the best of my skills and judgment, make a true
and clear interpretation of all court proceedings into the foreign language
(party/witnessluror) understands, and that I will
which
interpret
into the English language.
's (party/witness/juror) statements for the court
tn addition to Ala. Code (1975) 5 15-1-3 that applies to all criminal and juvenile
court proceedings, Rule 604 of the Alabama Rules of Evidence addresses an
interpreter's expert qualifications and requires the interpreter to give
affirmation for making a true interpretation. Also, Rule 43(f) of the Alabama
Rules of Civil procedure addresses foreign language interpreters requested in
civil proceedings.
Section 3.5 Need for More than One lnterpreter
The demands of courtroom interpreting, particularly simultaneous
interpreting, may cause an interpreter to need assistance. Accordingly, for
lengthy cases or complex litigation, the court may choose to appoint more
than one qualified interpreter. The court should consider securing more than
one interpreter for such a proceeding.
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Section 3.7 Appointment by Docket
It is often known to the court that an interpreter has been requested and/or
required in many cases on a court's docket, and that a qualified interpreter
must be provided. Accordingly, the qualified interpreter may provide services
for each of these cases and be compensated pursuant to contractualterms
agreed upon by the interpreter and the Administrative Office of Courts.
SEgflON 4 - CONDUST AND FTHICS OF A FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERPREIER
Section 4.1 General Conduct and Responsibilities
At all times, the court interpreter shall act in a manner consistent with the
following general conduct and principals:
(a) lnterpreters are officers of the court and shall conduct themselves in a
courteous, professional and responsible manner.
(b) lnterpreters should know and observe the court's established protocol,
rules, and procedures when delivering interpreting services. When speaking
English, interpreters should speak at a rate and a votume that enables them to
be heard and understood throughout the courtroom, but the interpreter's
presence should otherwise be as unobtrusive as possible.
(c) lnterpreters should dress in a mannerthat is consistent with the dignity of
the court.
(d) lnterpreters shall refrain from making any type of referrats (e.g. to
bondsmen, attorneys, etc.).
(e) lnterpreters shall adhere to all instructions given by the court in which their
services are being used.
(f) lnterpreters shall honestly and
training and certification(s).
accu rately represent their ed ucation,
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(g) lnterpreters shall adhere to the Foreign Language lnterpreters' Code of
Professiona I Responsi bi I ity.
(h) lnterpreters shall continually seek to enhance and refine their skills and
knowledge through continued interpreter education and training.
Section 4.2The Proper Role of the lnterpreter
At all times, a court interpreter shall act in the following manner:
(a) lnterpreters shall interpret completely and accurately. lnterpreters shall
not alter the meaning of the statements they are interpreting. lnterpreters
shall not interject personal words, phrases or expressions. lnterpreters shall
not elaborate or explain the statements they are interpreting. lnterpreters
shall not correct misstatements, even when a misstatement is an obvious
error (e.g. should a witness answer an incorrect date of "L899" rather than
"1ggg").
(b) lnterpreters shall accurately convey the tone and register of the statements
they are interpreting.
(c) lnterpreters shall inform the court immediately if they become concerned
about their ability to interpret in accordance with these policies and
procedures in a particular proceeding or for a particular person. (e.9., the
interpreter cannot understand the defendant's language, or personally knows
the witness or defendant, or has strong opinions regarding the case.)
(d) lnterpreters shall notifythe court if there is any environmental or physical
limitation that impedes or hinders their ability to deliver interpreting services
adequately (e.g., the courtroom is not quiet enough for the interpreter to hear
or be heard by the non-English speaker; more than one person at a time is
speaking; or parties or witnesses are speaking at a rate of speed that is too
rapid for the interpreter to adequately interpret).
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(e) lnterpreters shall notify the court of the need to take periodic breaks in order to
maintain mental and physical alertness or prevent interpreter fatigue.
(f) lnterpreters are encouraged to make inquiries as to the nature of a case whenever
possible before accepting an assignment. This enables interpreters to match more closely
their professional qualifications, skills, and experience to potential assignments.
(g) lnterpreters should refrain from accepting a case when the language, dialect or subject
matter of the case is likely to exceed their skills or capabilities.
(h) lnterpreters shall not give legal advise or express personal opinions to individuals for
whom they are interpreting.
(i) lnterpreters may interpret legal advise given by an attorney to an individual requiring
an interpreter. An interpreter may translate language n a form for an individual who is
completing the form.
(j) lnterpreters should initiate communications during a proceeding when they find it
necessary to seek assistance in performing their duties, but should do so in third person
(e.9., "The interpreter requests that the question be repeated, clarified, etc...").
(k) The interpreter shall not perform acts that are the official responsibility of other court
officials.
Section 4.3 lmpartiality and Confidentiality
Each registered, certified or otherwise qualified interpreter appointed by Alabama's
courts shall agree to each of the following:
(a) lnterpreters shall remain impartial. lnterpreters shall not engage in conduct that
allows the appearance of partiality. lnterpreters shall disclose to the court any possible
conflict of interest. Any condition that may interfere with the objectivity of the
interpreter may be considered a conflict of interest.
Examples of actual and apparent conflicts of interest include the following:
1. The interpreter is a friend, associate, or relative of a party or an attorney for a party
involved in the proceeding;
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2. The interpreter has served in an investigative capacity for a party or attorney involved in
the proceeding;
3. The interpreter has assisted a law enforcement agency in the preparation of the
criminal case at issue;
4. The interpreter or member of the interpreter's family has a financial interest in the
case, or any other interest that could be affected by the outcome of the case;
5. The interpreter has assisted in a party's choice of attorney for the case.
(b) lnterpreters shall disclose to the court and any other parties when they previously
have been retained for private employment by a party or attorney in the case.
(c) lnterpreters shall not serve in any matter in which payment for their services is
contingent upon the outcome of the case.
(d) Other than authorized payment for court interpreter services, interpreters shall not
accept money, favors or other consideration which could be considered as an attempt to
influence the discharge of their interpreter duties.
(e) lnterpreters shall not accept payment directly from or on the behalf of a person for
whom the interpreter is being paid by the State to provide interpreting services.
(f) An interpreterwho is also a licensed attorney shall not serve in both capacities in the
same legal matter.
(g) lnterpreters shall notify the court of any personal bias they may have in any aspect of a
case.
(h) lnterpreters shall preserve the confidentiality of any privileged or confidential
i nformation they i nterpret.
(i) lnterpreters shall not publicly discuss or comment on a matter in which they are
providing interpreter service. An interpreter shall not allow interviews with the media, or
otherwise express personal opinions regarding a case.
U) lnterpreters shall strive for professional detachment. Verbal or non-verbal displays of
personal attitudes, prejudices, emotions, or opinions should be avoided at all times.
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(k) For the duration of the proceedings, interpreters shall neither interact with
nor socialize with the parties, witnesses, jurors, presiding officials or friends or
relatives of one of these persons, except when carrying out their official
duties.
(l) lnterpreters must also refrain from repeating or disclosing information
obtained by them in the course of their employment that may be relevant to
the legal proceeding.
(m) In the event that an interpreter becomes aware of information that
suggests imminent harm to someone or relates to a crime being committed
during the course of the proceedings, the interpreter shall immediately
disclose the information to an appropriate authority within the judiciary who is
not involved in the proceedings and seek advise in regard to the potential
conflict in professional responsibility.
(n) No court interpreter shall comment or render an opinion on the propriety
or impropriety of a verdict in any matter in which he or she has served.
SECTION 5 - BEST PRACTICES FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURT INTERPRETERS
Section 5.1 Effective Preparation for and Delivery of lnterpreting Services
A. Pre-Hearing Activities
When possible, the interpreter should meet with the NES individual and his or
her attorney prior to the court proceedings. This will allow the interpreter to
become familiar with the NES individual's dialect and manner of speaking.
Also where possible, the interpreter should determine the type of case in
which he or she will be providing interpreter services. This will allow the
interpreter to identify and study any specialized terminology that may be used
during the proceeding.
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B. Courtroom Protoco!
The judge or presiding judicial official governs the behavior of the parties,
attorneys, court employees, and other persons in the courtroom. The
interpreter should abide by the instructions and rules of this official at all
times. The following polices may also provide the interpreter with general
guidance:
Arrival: The interpreter should arrive at least fifteen minutes prior to the start
of the proceedings and notify the court official.
Courtroom location: Unless the interpreter is using sound equipment that
allows interpretation from any point in the courtroom, the interpreter
interpreting simultaneously for an NES should be seated with the party at the
counsel table. When consecutively interpreting the testimony of an NES
witness, the interpreter should be close to the witness, but in such a manner
that the judge, parties, attorneys and jurors are able to view the witness. The
interpreter should interpret a witness's testimony so that the judge, parties,
attorneys, jurors and the court reporter are able to hear and understand the
interpreter. Still, the interpreter should be as unobtrusive as possible
throughout the proceedings.
Equal access: The interpreter's purpose is to place each NES individual in a
situation equivalent to that of any English-speaking person. Accordingly, the
interpreter should interpret for each NES individual everything that an English
speaking person would hear.
Verbatim vs. complete interpretation: A verbatim interpretation is not
necessarily a complete and accurate interpretation. Accordingly, an
interpreter should not provide a verbatim interpretation if the interpretation
would essentially rob the statement of its meaning. This is particularly true for
idiomatic expressions. For example, a verbatim translation of the phrase "we
kept tabs on him" may fail to convey the actual meaning of the phrase to the
NES person.
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Problems with the interpretation: lf the interpreter becomes concerned about
his or her ability to interpret for a particular case or for a particular person, or
if the interpreter becomes concerned about a possible conflict of interest, the
interpreter should notify the court immediately. The interpreter should also
inform the court of any material mistakes the interpreter realizes he or she has
made while interpreting.
Use of first and third person: lf it becomes necessary for the interpreter to
address the court during the proceeding, the interpreter should speak in third
person. For example, the interpreter should say, "Your Honol The lnterpreter
was unable to hear counsel's question".
Howeve; the interpreter should always render a witness' testimony in first
person. For example, if a witness responds, "l saw the defendant around
10:00", the interpreter should not interpret this as: "The witness says she saw
the defendant around L0:00".
Observing these rules will allow the official court record to reflect clearly when
the interpreter is speaking on his or her own behalf, and when the interpreter
is rendering the testimony of a witness.
Departure: When the proceeding concludes, the interpreter should not leave
the courtroom until the court official formally excuses the interpreter.
SECflON 5 - BEST PRAgflCES FOR COURT OFFICIAIS IN CASES INVOLVING
FOREIGN I.ANGUAGE I NTERPREfl NG
Section 6.1 Coordination of !nterpreter Services
Each presiding circuit judge may identify an individual to coordinate
interpreter services for the courts in that circuit. (e.g., circuit clerk, assistant or
deputy clerk of the court, judicial assistant, administrator; etc.)
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Section 5.2 Preparation for and Delivery of lnterpreting Services
A. Pre-hearing Activities
The court may encourage the interpreter to meet with NES individual prior to
the hearing in order to become familiar with the person's dialect and manner
of speech. The court should also encourage counsel to share with the
interpreter any documents that the interpreter could be asked to sight
translate during the proceeding.
B. lnstructions
The court may introduce the interpreter and provide certain instructions to
the parties, the attorneys and the jury on the proper role of the interpreter.
Specifically, the court may want to provide the following instructions:
1. The interpreter's role and purpose is limited to facilitating communication.
(The interpreter may not provide legal advise or assistance to any party).
2. Participants in the legal proceeding should speak directly to one another,
not to the interpreter. For example, an attorney should ask questions to the
NES witness directly. The attorney should not ask questions by instructing the
interpreter: 'Ask the witness when she saw the defendant". Likewise, the NES
witness should respond directly to the attorney asking the question, not to the
interpreter.
3. The interpreter must render everything that is said in the courtroom
completely and accurately. The interpreter may not elaborate, explain, clarify,
add to, or omit information from the original statements.
4. The jury should not give any weight to the fact that a party or witness
requires the assistance of an interpreter; and the jury should be so instructed.
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5. The court reporter records only the English spoken during the proceeding. ln the
verbatim transcript of the proceeding, the reporter should indicate when a witness or
party is speaking through an interpreter.
The court may arrange and docket cases requiring interpreters for efficient case
management. The court may appoint one or more interpreters to remain available during
an entire court docket. (See section 3.7 Appointment by Docket).
C. Calendar Efficiency
D. Courtroom Environment
The court should attempt to ensure that all participants speak audibly and clearly, that all
participants speak at a reasonable rate of speed, and that the participants speak only one
at a time.
Notepads and Dictionaries: lnterpreters should regularly use notepads and bilingual
dictionaries to assist them in performing their duties. The court should encourage
interpreters to use these resources and may want to explain to the jury and the other
participants why the interpreters are using them.
lnterpreting Equipment: lnterpreters also may use wireless interpreting equipment for
simultaneous interpretation. The interpreter speaks into a transmitter and the
interpretation is translated to a receiver used bythe NES individual. The court may need
to explain to the jury or the other participants the nature of the equipment and why the
interpreter is using it.
Use of Audiotape Back-Up: ln the more serious cases, the court may want to order that
the proceedings be recorded on audio tape. This will provide records of the original
statements made in the foreign language. This may assist in resolving questions that
could arise regarding the adequacy of the interpretation.
E. Team lnterpreting
For lengthy proceedings, the court may appoint a team of interpreters to avoid fatigue
and loss of accuracy. Team interpreting avoids the necessity of calling for numerous
breaks and moves the case along at a more efficient pace.
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F. Oath
The court may want to use an oath similar to that set out in Section 3.5. lf an
interpreter provides regular services in a certain court, the court may want to
require the interpreter to sign a written oath that the court keeps on file. ln all
cases, the record should reflect the interpreter's oath and/or the adequacy of
the interpreter's prior written oath.
G. Translated Forms
Translating documents is not the same as interpreting. However; court officials
may want to ask the AOC for assistance when certain court forms need to be
translated and made available.
SEgflON 7 - COMPENSATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERPRETEN
Section 7.1 Payment for I nterpreter Services
A. lnvoice for Payment
lnterpreters shall be paid at a rate and schedule established by the ADC with
the advice and consent of the State Comptroller. lnterpreters shall submit to
the State Comptroller the required request for payment for review and
approval pursuant to Ala. Code (1975) 5 15-1-3.
B. Billable Hours of Work
lnterpreters shall be paid pursuant to Ala. Code (1975) S 15-1-3. lnterpreters
shall be paid for the time in court providing interpreter services plus expenses
for travel. An interpreter's rate of pay shall be determined by the interpreter's
level of certification. (www.Alacou rt.gov u nder lCON "l NTERP RETE RS")
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Should a proceeding requiring an appointed interpreter be cancelled or
otherwise continued by the court, the court shall attempt to provide the
interpreter at least 48 hours notice of the cancellation. Should the court not
provide the interpreter with such notice, the interpreter may submit to the
judge a claim for any associated time at court, and for any related expenses,
fees and travel.
C. Payment for Travel
An interpreter may be reimbursed for travel as allowed for state employees.
D. Payment by Contr:act or Other Agreement
An interpreter may provide court interpreter services and be paid pursuant to
contract or agreement with the Administrative Office of Courts and approval
by the State comptroller. (see section 3.7 Appointment by Docket)
Section 7.2 Responsibility for Payment
Foreign language interpreters providing services in criminal and juvenile
proceedings are paid by the state. However, the law does not prohibit the
court from taxing the interpreter's fees and expenses as costs at the end of
the case to be paid by one or more of the parties.
SEgflON 8 - CERTIFICATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERPREI'ERS
section 8.1 certification of Foreign Language rnterpreters
Certification as a foreign language interpreter requires comptiance with all
rules and involves procedures established by the AOC, including the following:
(a)Complete an lnterpreter Application Registration form and submit to a
criminal background and E-Verify Affidavit check;
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(b) Pass all written vocabulary, translation and interpreter examinations administered by
the AOC;
(c) Submit four letters of recommendation from a judge, clerk, district attorney, public
defender or magistrate, or other person, regarding the candidate's interpreting abilities
and services;
(d) Pass all sections of the court interpreter verbal certification examination developed by
the State Court lnterpreter Certification Consortium or by the Federal Court lnterpreter
Certification Exa m i nation Progra m;
(e) Sign the Oath of lnterpretation;
(f)Agree to be listed in the AOC FLI Registry;
(g) Agree to abide by these policies and best practices, including all rules regarding ethical
conduct and professional responsibility;
(h) Pay any and all interpreter registration, certification, and other fees established by the
AOC; and
(i) Participate in any required orientation sessions, continuing education classes,
evaluations and certification renewal procedures as required by the AOC.
(Established levels of Certification can be found at www.Alacourt.gov under the ICON
"INTERPRETERS,,)
Section 8.2 Certifi cation Examination
The AOC will administer court interpreter certification examinations developed in
accordance with the test construction standards by the Consortium for State Court
lnterpreter Certification. The ADC may determine how often, at what locations, and for
what languages the AOC will administer such examinations. The ADC may also establish
rules and procedures to determine persons eligible to take such examinations.
The AOC will work with the Consortium for State Court lnterpreter Certification to analyze
and verifythe test results and determine persons who have achieved a passing score. ln
addition to any practical skills examination developed by the Consortium, the AOC may
also require applicants to pass written examinations addressing general legal proficiency,
court-related terms and usage, ethics and professional conduct.
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Section 8.3 Good Character and Fitness
Foreign language interpreters are entrusted by the court with a significant
degree of responsibility. The good characterand fitness of the applicant is
therefore a crucial factor in determining whether an applicant is eligible for
certification. ln determining whether an applicant has demonstrated good
character and fitness, the AOC shall rely on information including a criminal
background of the applicant and recommendations from individuals who have
known and worked with the applicant. The determination of whether a
person has demonstrated good character and fitness sufficient to serve as a
certified interpreter rests with the AOC.
Section 8.4 Registry of Certified lnterpreters
The AOC will list on its FLI Registry the interpreters who have registered, and
interpreters who have both registered and achieved one or more levels of
certification as court interpreters. The list will include the name, telephone
number and other contact information of each registered and certified
interpreter. The AOC will make the FLI Registry available to Alabama's court
personnel and to the public.
Section 8.5 Performance Evaluation and Certification Renewal
The AOC may institute procedures for the evaluation and performance
enhancement of all registered foreign language interpreters. The AOC may
esta bl ish proced u res for post-certification tra i ni ng sessions, crim i na I
background checks, and other requirements for interpreter registration,
certification and certification renewal.
SESTION 9 - SANCTIONS
Section 9.1 Purpose
The ADC will monitor the quality of interpreter services provided in Alabama's
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the ADC shall maintain the authority to sanction, suspend and/or revoke the
registration and certification of any foreign language interpreter providing
services in Alabama's courts.
Section 9.2 Reasons for Suspension and Revocation
Registration or Certification status may be suspended or revoked by the ADC
for any reason adversely affecting the Alabama Judicial System, including any
of the following:
L. false or deceptive advertising
2. disclosure of confidential or privileged information
3. incompetence, unprofessional behavior; or unethical conduct, including
m isre p resentati on of i nte rp reter q ua I ificatio ns
4. failing to appear as scheduled, or failing to follow an order of the court
without good cause
5. engaging in behavior that constitutes discrimination or harassment
6. noncompliance with any training, certification or registration requirements
Section 9.3 Complaint Procedures
A. Filing a Complaint
Any complaint against a foreign language interpreter must be submitted in
writing, signed by the complainant, and mailed or delivered to the ADC at 300
Dexter Avenue, Montgomery, AL, 36104. The complainant shall include the
date(s), time(s), location and nature of the alleged improper conduct.
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The complainant shall include the name(s), title(s), and telephone number(s)
of all possible witnesses. lf the complainant is unable to communicate in
written English, the complainant may advise the A DC of the need for an
interpreter.
B. Reviewing the Complaint
The ADC shall review the complaint and allegations that could constitute
grounds for sanctions, suspension or revocation. lf the ADC determines that
such ground to not exist, the ADC shall dismiss the complaint and notify the
interpreter and complainant via first class mail. The ADC's notification and
explanation shall be made within sixty (60) days of receiving the complaint.
Such a determination by the ADC shall be final.
lf such grounds for sanctions, suspension or revocation are established, the
AOC shall conduct an investigation.
C. Investigating the Complaint
After review of a complaint that constitutes grounds for sanctions, suspension
or revocation, the AOC shall investigate the allegations contained in the
complaint. The interpreter will be given the opportunity to respond and this
response shall be made part of the investigation report. At the conclusion of
the AOC's investigation, and within sixty (60) days of receiving the complaint,
the ADC shall determine whether grounds exist for sanctions, suspension or
revocation of the interpreter's registration and certification.
D. Dismissing the Complaint Following lnvestigation
After investigating and determining that no conduct occurred that would be
grounds for sanctions, suspension or revocation, the ADC shall dismiss the
complaint and notify the interpreter and the complainant of the dismissal by
first class mail. This notification shall include an explanation of the reason(s)
for the dismissal. The ADC's dismissal of the complaint shall be final.
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E. Sanctions, Suspension or Revocation Following lnvestigation
After investigating and determining that the conduct constitutes grounds for
sanctions, suspension or revocation, the ADC shall determine what sanctions
are warranted. The ADC, within thirty (30) days after reviewing the results of
the investigation, shall send to the interpreter; by certified mail, a copy of the
complaint, a copy of the investigation report, a listing of the policies, rules
and/or laws violated by the interpreter; and the sanctions deemed
appropriate. Such a determination by the ADC shall be final.
F. Sanctions
lf it is determined by the ADC that sanctions, suspension or revocation is
warranted, the following sanctions or combination of sanctions may be
applied*:
(a) lssuing a private or public reprimand
(b) Specifying corrective action with which the interpreter must comply in
order to remain on the AOC FLI Registry and remain certified by the AOC
(c) Suspension of work by the interpreter within Alabama's courts
(d) Prohibition of work by the interpreter within Alabama's courts
(e) Suspension of registration and certification for foreign language
interpreting
(f) Revocation of registration and certification for foreign language interpreting
lf the sanctions include suspension and/or revocation of the interpreter's
registration and certification, the ADC shall specify the conditions and
timeframe, if any, within which the interpreter may apply for reinstatement of
certification and registration status.
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*Any sonction, suspension or revocotion of an interpreter's certification or
registrotion status will be reported to the National Center for State Courts.
G. Reinstatement
An interpreter whose court certification or registration status has been
suspended or revoked may apply in writing to the ADC for reinstatement
within the timeframe of the suspension/revocation issued by the ADC. The
ADC shall have sole discretion in determining whether the conditions for
reinstatement have been satisfied.
SECTION 10 - UNIFORM USE OF QUALIFIED INTERPRETEN
10. 1 General Proceedings
Each of the following may apply to court proceedings in Alabama's district,
circuit and juvenile courts where non-English speaking parties or witnesses are
in need of foreign language interpreters.
(A) According to the law, an interpreter shall be appointed when the court,
after examination, determines that: (1) the party cannot understand and
speak English well enough to participate fully in the proceedings a nd/or assist
counsel; and/or (2) the witness cannot speak English well enough to be
adequately understood directly by counsel, court, and the jury. When making
this examination, the court should examine the party or witness on the
record. The fact that a person for whom English is a second language knows
some English should not prohibit that individual from being allowed to have an
interpreter.
(B) To determine if an interpreter is needed, the court may include questions
to the requesting party or witness addressing the following:
1. ldentification (for example: name, address, birth date, age, place of birth);
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2. Active vocabulary in vernacular English (for example: "How did you come to
the court today?', "What kind of work.do you do?", "Where did you go to
school?", "What was the highest grade you completed?", "Describe what you
see in the courtroom", "What have you eaten today?". Questions should be
phrased to avoid "yes or no" replies; and
3. The court proceedings (for example: the nature of the charge or the type of
case before the court, the purpose of the proceedings and function of the
court, the rights of a party or criminal defendant, and the responsibilities of a
witness).
(C) After examination, the court should state its conclusion on the record; and
the court file should be clearly marked with data entered to ensure that a
qualified interpreter will be provided by the court at subsequent hearings
when needed.
(D) For good cause, the court may authorize a pre-appearance interview
between the interpreter and the party or witness. Good cause may exist when
the interpreter needs clarification on any interpreting issues, including but not
limited to: colloquialisms, culturalisms, dialects, idioms, linguistic capabilities
and traits, regionalisms, register, slang, speech patterns, or technicalterms.
(E) When a certified interpreter has not been appointed, the court should give
instructions to the otherwise qualified interpreteL either orally or in writing,
that substantially conform to the following:
1. Do not discuss the pending proceedings with a party or witness, outside of
professional employment in the same case.
2.Do not disclose communications between counsel and client.
3. Do not attempt to give legal advice to a party or witness. Refer legal
questions to the attorney or to the court.
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4. lnform the court if you are unable to interpret a word, expression, special
terminology, or dialect, or have doubts about your linguistic expertise or ability
to perform adequately in a particular case.
5. lnterpret all words, including slang, vulgarisms, and epithets, to convey the
intended meaning.
6. Use first and third person: lf it becomes necessary for the interpreter to
address the court during the proceeding, the interpreter should speak in the
third person. For example, the interpreter should say, "Your Hono; The
lnterpreter was unable to hear counsel's question".
However, the interpreter should always render a witness' testimony in first
person. For example, if a witness responds, "l saw the defendant around
L0:00," the interpreter should not interpret this as: "The witness says she saw
the defendant around 10:00". Observing these rules will allow the official
court record to reflect clearly when the interpreter is speaking on his or her
own behall and when the interpreter is rendering the testimony of a witness.
7. Direct all inquiries or problems to the court and not to the witness or
counsel. lf necessary, you may request permission to approach the bench with
counsel to discuss a problem.
8. Position yourself near the witness or party without blocking the view of the
judge, jury, or counsel.
9. lnform the court should you become fatigued during the court proceedings.
10. When interpreting for a party at counsel table, speak loudly enough to be
heard by the party or counsel but not so loudly as to interfere with the
proceedings.
11. lnterpret everything including objections.
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12. lf the court finds good cause, you may hold a pre-appearance interview
with the party or witness to become familiar with speech patterns and
linguistic traits and to determine whattechnical orspecialterms may be used.
Counsel may be present at the pre-appearance interview.
13. During the pre-appearance interview with a non-English speaking witness,
give the witness the following instructions on the procedure to be followed
when the witness is testifying:
(a) The witness must speak in a loud, clear voice so that the entire court and
not just the interpreter can hear.
(b) The witness must direct all responses to the person asking the question,
not to the interpreter.
(c) The witness must direct all questions to counsel or to the court and not to
the interpreter. The witness may not seek advice from or engage in any
discussion with the interpreter.
(d) During the pre-appearance interview with a non-English speaking party,
give the following instructions on the procedure to be used when the non-
English speaking party is not testifying: (i)The interpreter will interpret all
statements made in open court. (ii) The party must direct any questions to
counsel. The interpreter will interpret all questions to counsel and the
responses. The party may not seek advice from or engage in discussion with
the interpreter.
(F)The court or the court's designee should give the following instructions to
counsel, either orally or in writing:
1. When examining a non-English speaking witness, direct all questions to the
witness and not to the interpreter. (For example, do not say to the interprete6
"Ask him if . . !');
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2. lf there is a disagreement with the interpretation, direct any objection to
the court and not to the interpreter. Ask permission to approach the bench to
discuss the problem;
3. lf you have a question regarding the qualifications of the interpreter, you
may request permission to conduct a supplemental examination regarding the
i nterpreter's q ua I ifications.
LO.z Crimina I Proceedings
(A) Each non-English speaking defendant or witness should be provided with a
qualified interpreter at each step of the proceedings. Within the judge's
discretion, the interpreter's costs may be assessed upon a defendant when
appropriate.
(B) A non-English speaking person may waive the right to a qualified
interpreter. Howeve; such a waiver must be in writing and approved by the
court. The court should determine on the record that the right to a qualified
interpreter has been waived knowingly and voluntarily, utilizing the services of
the most available qualified interpreter. Additionally, counsel may waive the
presence of a qualified interpreter in bond hearings.
(C) The court should provide a qualified interpreter to any non-English
speaking person whenever the non-English speaking person is a party, or has
been subpoenaed, or summoned or has otherwise been compelled to appear
in a court proceeding. Within the judge's discretion, costs can be assessed
upon a defendant when appropriate.
10.3 Civil Proceedings
(A) Upon request, each non-English speaking person should be provided a
copy of the Foreign Language lnterpreter Registry maintained by the AOC.
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(B) Each non-English speaking party has the right to a qualified foreign
language interpreter at the expense of the non-English speaking person.
Notice of use of an interpreter must be provided to the court and to all
parties. See Rule 43(f) ARCP.
(C) Should the court consider and approve a pauper's affidavit in any civil case,
the person filing the affidavit and requiring a foreign language interpreter
should be provided a qualified interpreter.
LO.4 Juvenile Proceedings
(A) Each non-English speaking person in a delinquency proceeding or whose
parental rights to full custody of any minor child are challenged by any
governmental unit or agency, must be provided a qualified foreign language
interpreter at each step of the proceedings.
(B) The court must provide a qualified foreign language interpreter to any non-
English speaking person whenever such person's rights to full custody of any
minor child are challenged due to dependency, delinquency or neglect.
(C) The qualified foreign language interpreter must be available when legal
counsel is not able to effectively communicate with the non-English speaking
party.
(D) A non-English speaking person may waive the right to the use of a qualified
foreign language interpreter. Such a waiver should be in writing and approved
by the court. The court shall determine, on the record, that the right to such
an interpreter has been waived knowingly and voluntarily utilizing the services
of the most available qualified interpreter. ln no event shall the failure to
request a foreign language interpreter be deemed to be a waiver.
10.5 Replacement of interpreter
The court should determine whether the interpreter is able to accurately
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communicate with the non-English speaking person. lf it is determined that the
interpreter cannot adequately communicate with the non-English speaking person, the
court must terminate the services of the current interprete[ and appoint a separate
q ua I ified i nterpreter.
10.6 lnterpretert fees and expenses
Qualified foreign language interpreters'fees and costs in any criminal or juvenile
proceeding are established by the ADC pursuant Ala. Code (1975) 515-L-3. An
interpreter's fees and costs may be assessed by the court as costs at the end of such
proceeding.
SECflON 11- ETHICALSTANDARDS FOR INTERPRETERS
lnterpreters have an obligation to maintain the integrity of Alabama's Unified Judicial
System. With the court's knowledge and approval, interpreters may refer a particular case
to another interpreter as a result of technical difficulties, cultural biases or personal
interests. Also, while interpreters are allowed to advertise, all statements as to the
interpreter's qualifications must be truthful. lnterpreters may not guarantee a specific
result, and an interpreter's statements must be accurate, clea6 truthful, and not
misleading.
lnterpreters must abide by the Foreign Language lnterpreters' Code of Professional
Responsibility.
FOREIGN I.ANG UAG E I NTERPRETERS' CODE OF PROFESSIONAL RESPONSI BI LITY
lnterpreters serving in Alabama's district, circuit and juvenile courts shall:
1. Act strictly in the interest of the court during proceedings before the court and with
fidelity to the non-English speaker for whom you are providing interpreter services;
2. Reflect proper court decorum, and act with dignity and respect to court officials and
other staff of the court;
3. Avoid professional or personal conduct that could discredit you or the court;
4. Work unobtrusively so that attention is focused on the parties or witnesses, and not
yourself as the interpreter;
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5. Accurately provide your qualifications as a court interpreter;
6. Refuse any assignment for which you are not qualified or under conditions
which could substantially impair your effectiveness;
7. Disclose to the court and parties any prior involvement with a case; private
involvement with a party or witness; or with others significantly involved in the
case;
8. lnterpret accurately and faithfully without indicating any personal bias,
avoiding the appearance of partiality;
9. Preserve the level, style, tone and intent of the language used and the
ambiguities and nuances of the speaker; without alteration, omission or
addition;
l-0. lnform the judge and counsel if the non-English speaker cannot
understand the language level and ask for simplification;
L1. Request clarification of ambiguous statements or unfamiliar vocabulary
from the judge or counsel;
!2. Promptly notify the court of any error in your interpretation;
13. Continually improve your interpreter skills and knowledge through
activities such as professional training and education;
14. Maintain impartiality by avoiding undue contact with witnesses, attorneys,
interested parties, and jurors before and during the case;
15. Do not take advantage of knowledge obtained in the performance of your
official duties for your own personal gain;
16. Do not disclose any information pertaining to court cases unless ordered
otherwise by the court;
{ S
LT.lnform the presiding judge should you feel harassed or intimidated by any
officer or employee of the court;
18. lmmediately report to the court any solicitations or efforts by another to
induce or encourage you to violate any law, standard, or any part of this Code
of Professional Responsibility;
19. Accept no money, gift or other benefit in excess of the authorized
compensation for the performance of interpretation duties;
20. Refrain from expressing your personal opinion in a matter before the
court;
21. Do not give any kind of legal advice whether solicited or not. ln all
instances, the non- English speaker shall be referred to the judge or counsel;
22. Do not act as an individual referral service for any attorney. lf asked by a
non- English speaker to refer the speaker to an attorney, direct such individual
to the local bar association or to an indigent defense office;
23. Agree to be bound by this Code. Violations of this Code may result in your
removal from any qualified interpreter listing maintained by the AOC; and
willful violation may result in additional sanctions.
{..
Application Registration Packet
Note: The Complete Applicotion Registration Pocket consist of the following:
1. App licoti on Reg i strotion Form (www.ot ocou rl u nder "t NTER P RETERS' )
2. Authorization Form for o Criminol Bockground Check
(www.ntocourt.qov under "INTERPRETERS")
3. Reodoble copy of Valid Driver's License
4. Signed ond Reodoble Copy of Social Security Card
lf the social security card hos ony restrictions listed the corresponding
documents must be included
5. Beason-Hammon E-Verify Affidovit Form (Form must be notarized & sealed)
(www. At o co u rt. qov u n d e r " I NT E R P RETERS' )
Mail Completed Packet To:
Foreign Language lnterpreter Program
loy Evans, Legol Division
300 Dexter Avenue
Montgomery, AL 36L04
{j
QUALIFIED INTERPRETER CERTIFICATION LEVELSAND RATE OF PAY
Certified - Master LevelS+S/hour
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of B0 percent or
higher and completing the interpreter's orientation seminar, the lnterpreter has
passed the oral certification exam with a score of B0 percent or higher on each
portion of the exam:simultaneous, consecutive, English to foreign language sight
translation and foreign language to English sight translation.
Certified S+O/hour
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of 80 percent or
higher and completing the interpreter's orientation semina; the lnterpreter has
passed the oral certification exam with a score of 70 percent or higher on the
simultaneous and consecutive portions of the exam; and obtained a minimum score
of 65 percent on the English to foreign language sight translation and foreign
language to English sight translation portion of the exam, with an average of 70
percent or higher overall.
Journeyman S3s/hour
ln addition to passing the required written exam with a score of 80 percent or
higher and completing the interpreter's orientation semina6 the lnterpreter has
passed the oral certification exam with a score of 60 percent or higher on the
simultaneous and consecutive portions of the exam; and a score of 55 percent or
higher on the English to foreign language sight translation and foreign language to
English sight translation portion of the exam.
Conditional Iy Apprwed S3O/hou r
lnterpreter has passed the required written exam with a score of 80 percent or
higher, and
lnterpreter has completed the required interpreter's orientation seminar;
Registered SZSlhour
lnterpreter has successfully registered with the Administrative Office of Courts and
qualified to serve as an interpreter by the Alabama Administrative Office of Courts.
{s
FOREIGN IANGUAGE INTERPRETER CLAIM FOR FEES
AND EXPENSES (FORM FrS-2)
This form is used for foreign language interpreting services only.
This form is on the AOC website www.Alacourt.gov under
,,INTERPRETERS,'.
Claim forms are mailed to: State Comptroller's Office
ATTN : I nterpreter Claims
100 North Union Street
RSA Union Bldg., Suite 21,6
Montgomery, AL 36130
Before submitting a claim form you must register in the STAARS
system. You can do this by going to the state comptroller's website
www.com ptrol ler.a la ba m a.gov .
lf you experience difficulty in registering email Amanda Leger with
the state comptroller's office for assistance at:
a m a nda. leger@ com ptroller.ala ba ma.gov
{s
ALA. CODE (1975)
Section 15-1-3
Foreign la nguage i nterpreters.
(aX1) lf at any stage of a criminal proceeding, protection from abuse
proceeding, or juvenile court proceeding or during the juvenile court intake
process conducted pursuant to Sections L2-15-118 and L2-15-120 and Rule L2
of the Alabama Rules of Juvenile Procedure, the defendant, juvenile,
complainant, petitioner; or a witness informs the court that he or she does not
speak or adequately understand the English language, the court may appoint
an interpreter.
(2) The defendant, juvenile, complainant, petitione; or witness shall inform
the appropriate court of his or her need for an interpreter immediately upon
receiving notice to appear in court.
(3) lf the court determines that due process considerations require an
interpreter; the court shall appoint a qualified person to interpret the
proceedings for the defendant, juvenile, complainant, petitioner, or witness
requesting assistance. The interpreter shall also interpret testimony or
statements of the defendant, juvenile, complainant, petitioneq or witness,
and, where applicable, assist in communications with counsel.
(4) lf the court has reason to believe that the defendant, juvenile,
complainant, petitioner; or witness requesting an interpreter is cable of
speaking and understanding the English language, the court may require that
the requestor provide reasonable proof to the court of his or her inability to
speak or understand the English language.
(b) Upon appointment, an interpreter shall swear under oath that he or she
will render a true and clear interpretation to the best of his or her skill and
judgment.
{,.
(c) The relations and communications between an appointed interpreter and
the requestor are placed on the same basis as those provided by law between
attorney and client. Any information obtained by an interpreter from the
requestor pertaining to any proceeding then pending shall at all times remain
confidential and privileged, unless the requestor expresses a desire that the
information be communicated to another person.
(d) An interpreter appointed pursuant to this section shall be entitled to a fee
in the amount calculated according to a fee schedule established by the
Administrative Director of Courts with the advice and consent of the state
Comptroller for his or her services. The fee shall be in addition to actual
expenses for travel and transportation. lf the interpreter is appointed by a
district, circuit, or appellate court the interpreter shall submit his or her
expenses to the judge making the appointment for approval. After approval,
the clerk of the court shall forward the expenses of the interpreter to the state
Comptroller to be paid from the fund within the State General Fund knows as
"court assessed costs not provided for". lf the interpreter is appointed by
another authority, the fee shall be paid out of funds available to that
appointing authority. Nothing in this section shall prohibit the court from
taxing the costs of the interpreter against one or more of the parties for
immediate payment or from requiring reimbursement to the state at a later
date.
(Act 2000-277, p. 441, 9L; Act 20L6-363, 51.)
{.
SUPREME COU RT
ADMINSTRATIVE
OFFICE OF
COURTS
9 JUSTICES
OF
ALABAMA
HIGHEST STATE COURT
Court of Last Resort
APPEAL
\
5 JUDGES
COURT OF
CRIMINAL
APPEALS
,/
APPEAL
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
All criminal appeals including felony
cases, convictions involving
misdemeanors and violations
of municipal ordinances.
APPELLATE JU RISDICTION
All civil matters exceeding SSO,000;
Appeals from Alabama Public Service
Commission; and appeals from the
Court of Civil and CriminalAppeals
I
M M EDIATE APPELLATE COU RTS
APPEAL
I I
APPEAL
\./\
131JUDGES ,/
68 CIRCUIT COURTS
41 circuits in the state
ALABAMA J U DICIAL SYSTE M
TRIAL COURTS OF GENERAL JURISDICTION
All felonies, civil actions exceeding S3,OOO, domestic relations
cases, and concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in juvenile cases.
APPEAL
68 DISTRICT COURTS
98 district judges
APPEAL
281. MUNICIPAL COURTS
340 municipaljudges
JURISDICTION:
COURTS OF LlM ITED JURISDICTION
JUR|SD|CT|ON:
JUR|SD|CT|ON:
Special court which handles wills, Misdemeanors and Small
Violations of municipal ordinances
administration of estates, guardian- Claims actions; concurrent are heard by municipaljudges in
ship of minors and incompetents, jurisdiction with Circuit Court
adoptions, partition of lands
and name changes.
municipalities that choose to
in juvenile and civil matters maintain their municipal courts.
(Otherwise, these cases are
heard in district court)
not exceeding $10,000,
exclusive of interests and costs.
Appeals from courts of limited jurisdiction go to circuit court for triot de novo (o new triol).
Appeals may go to the oppropriate appellate court if there is an adequote record from the
lower court or when only questions of law ore involved in such an oppeal.
{s
APPEAL
/
s JUDGEi /
COURT OF\
CIVIL APPEALS \
APPELLATE JURISDICTION
Civil matters not exceeding 550,000,
workmen's compensation, domestic
Relations cases and certain civil cases
Transferred from the Alabama Supreme
Court. All appeals from administrative
agencies (other than Public Service
Commission)
rtt
APPEAL
68 PROBATE COURTS
68 probatejudges
STATE FELONY CASE PROCESS
Warrant
- Complaint/Arrest
I
lnitial
,-, Warrant
Probable Cause ----* Appearance 1--- tssued and Served
I
Hearing
I
I
I
Preliminary
Hearing -------------+ Charges Dismissed and
Defendant Released
Grand J u ry
No Bill
I
lndictment Defendant Released
*t-'
Arrest =-----*
Arra
ignment
\
Youthful Offender
Consideration
/
Not Guilty Plea
\
Guilty Plea
Not Guil ty /
I
Trial
\ur,,rr.
\
Probation {
,----,SentenctnBr
\
I
Suspended Sentence Violation
---Probation--- ---lmprisonment
I
Parole
I
Appeal to Court
of Criminal Appeals
I
Reviewed By
Supreme Court
{.
{i
ANATOMY OF A JURY TRIAL
VOIR DIRE I JURY SELECTED
OPENING STATEMENTS BY ATTORNEYS
PLAINTIFF,S OR PROSECUTOR'S CASE
Presents evidence and testimony;
Defendant's attorney cross-exa mines
DEFENDANT,S CASE
Presents evidence and testimony;
Plaintiff's attorney or prosecutor cross-examines
REBUTTAL BY PLAINTIFF OR PROSECUTOR
CLOSING ARGUMENTS BY ATTORNEYS
JUDGE'S CHARGE TO JURY
JURY DELIBERATION AND VERDICT
ENTRY OF JUDGMENT
J
II
I I +
I +
I +
I +
I +
I I +
{s
ALABAMA J UVENI LE J USTICE PROCESS
COMPLAINT FILED BY CITIZEN OR POLICE
ARREST: TEM PORARY CUSTODY
INTAKE BY JUVENILE PROBATION OFFICER
REVIEWED BY PROSECUTOR
PETIT!ON : CRIMINAL CHARGE
I J
I I
II
I
I Y
I I +
ADJUDICATION BY JUVENILE COURT
DISMISALL
-
DISPOSITION / SENTENCE
DEPARTMENT OF YOUTH SERVICES:
BOOT CAMP; PROBATION
I I
I
I
I
JUVENILE DEPENDENCY AND CHINS PROCESS
DHR Notified
Complaint Filed With
Juvenile lntake officer
Shelter Care
Determination
Complaint
Dismissed
Released to
Parents or
3'd Party
Pending Hearing
Shelter Care
Shelter Hearing
ln72 hours
I
I
I
Remain in
Shelter
Pending
Hearing
I
Released to
Parents or
3'd Party
Pending
Hearing
Petition Filed
Adjudication Hearing on
Abuse and/or Neglect
I
I
Not Adjudicated
Defendant of CHINS
Adjudicated
Defendant or CHINS
Dismissed
Disposition Hearing
I
I
I
Custody to
Parents
I
Custody to
DHR
I
Custody to
Relative
I
Custody to
Other 3'd Party
{.
ARREST (Stage 1)
Crime Committed by Perpetrator
Complainant Files Charges
Police I nvestigative Procedu res
I
I
I
ttttttt
lnformant lnvestigative Photo Search Show Stop Undercover
lnquiry
Array Warrant Up /\
Agent
--/'l
/ \
Frisk Body Search
,/t"ol""
Booking
\
t\
Finger Arrest
Prints Record
Accusatory lnstrument Prepared
Complaint
!nformation
lncludes
Docket Number
Name of Defendant and Co-defendants
Alias/aka
Allegations
I
Offense/Charges
I
Felony
Misdemeanor lnfraction
I
I
I
I
I
tl
{.
Defendant Brought to Court
Accusatory Instrument Filed in Court
ARRAIGNMENT lN OPEN COURT (Stage 2)
Reading of Rights and Charges
Notices Presented by Prosecutor
(Statement Notice, Grand Jury Notice, Others)
Notice of Appearance by Defense Counsel
I
I
I
I
f--------
Guilty
Allocution
I
I
Disposition/Sentence
I
Enter a Plea
------t----
No Contest..-
------------l
Not Guilty
N o I o Co nte n d ea, ---.---t-
Bail Application
tt
Risk of Flight
l^\
!n Jail eait eonl \rrr,
tt
(Bail Bondsman)
Bail
Unsecured
,Secured
Release on Bail
Release on own Recognizance
Out of Jail
I
I
Adjournment
Participa
Judge/co""7l l.,i
DefenseAttorney iDistrict
tort
I
Public Private
Defender Counsel I
I
Court Reporter
{s
{.
I
I
Felony Arraignment
Pretrial Conference
djournment
I A
tt
Plea of Guilty
Not Ggilty
Grand Jury Returns
a. No Bil!
b. Reduces Charge to
Misdemeanor
c. !ndictment/True Bill
-
r
Misdemeanor
Complaint
l^-^._,ll
Filing of
Affidavit
tnformation
I
POST ARRAIGNMENT PROCEDURES (Stage 3)
I
--------l
Fetony
Grand Jury Presentation Preliminary Hearing
I
\
Hears Testimony from Prosecution Probable Cause
Determination
I
Witness
lmmunity\
Defendant must sign
Waiver of lmmunity
Adjournment Transactional Use
t\
e]eLof ruJt e urny
Guilty
Discovery
I
Motions
tt
lf denied lf granted
tt\
\
Plea Trial
of Date
Guilty Set
H.rring,
I
I
Plea of Trial Date
Guilty
Set
TRIAL (Stage 4)
Step 1
Bench Trial or Jury Trial
Jury Panel
I
I
se I e cti o n of r u ro rs by Atto rn "v'<:1?:?:nffi [ :i:]i:: r"
Impanel a Jury Petit Jury I Alternate Juror
-l Juror
I For"rrn of the Jury
Step 2
Opening Statements ------- by District Attorney (Mandatory)
by Defense Counse! (OPtional)
Step 3
District Attorney's Case (Burdon of Proof)
a. Testimony
Direct Examination
Cross Examination
Redirect Examination
Recross Examination
AIibi
Character
Defense/Prosecution
Eyewitness
Hostile
Lay/Expert
Material
,/
Sworn ln
lmpeac
Factors that Affect Witness
Competency
lmpeachment
Privilege
b. Evi de n ce-------Types--------
Demonstrative (Exhibits)
Oral
Tangible
Step 4 Motion by Defense ----
Tria! Order of Dismissal
{.
Step 5 Defense Case
a. Testimony
,K,
Witne
ss------------
Types
\,
sed
lmpeached
Direct Examination
Cross Examination
Redirect Examination
Recross Examination
Alibi
Character
Defense/Prosecution
Eyewitness
Hostile
Lay/Expert
Material
Factors that Affect Witness
l------ Competency
lmpeachment
Privilege
b.Evidence-------Types------
| Demonstrative(Exhibits)
-l Oral
I rangiule
Step 5 Rebuttal Case by District Attorney
Step 7 Closing Argument / Summation
Step 8 Charge to Jury
Verdict ----- Guilty -:- Set Aside Verdict/udgment
Deliberation
Unanimous Decision
I
I
I
\ {noltthe Jury)
\
Not Guilty ----- Acquitta!
No Verdict ------ Hung Jury
I
Mistrial
{j
43
Determinate
Sentence
lndeterminate
Sentence
plit
I S
onsecutive
I C
oncurrent
I C
POST DISPOSITION (Stage V)
Step 1 Pre-sentence Procedures Pre-sentence lnvestigation
f re-sentence Report/Probation Report
Fac' or\s
Extenuating
I Aggravating
L uitigating
\
-f
\
Criminal Record
Status of Defendant
- first offender
- recidivist
- youthful offender
Step 2
Sentencing
I
Discharge
Conditional Probation
Release
Fine Prison
Death
Penalty
CONCLUSION OF THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE COURT
I NTERPRETER ORI ENTATION SEM I NAR
Please do the following to receive your printed certificate of
completion:
{3
Orientation Seminar Handout, Rev. 2022
This info page is part of the LIT Lab's Form Explorer project. It is not associated with the Alabama state courts. To learn more about the project, check out our about page.
Downloads: You can download both the original form (last checked 2023-03) and the machine-processed form with normalized data fields.
About This Form:
- Sourced from www.alacourt.gov (2023-03)
- Page(s): 71
- Fields(s): 16
- Average fields per page: 0
- Reading Level: Grade 14
- LIST Grouping(s): CO-07-00-00-00, CO-00-00-00-00.
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We have done our best to automaticly identify and name form fields according to our naming conventions. When possible, we've used names tied to our question library. See e.g., user1_name. If we think we've found a match to a question in our library, it is highlighted in green. Novel names are auto generated. So, you will probably need to edit some of them if you're trying to stick to the convention.
Here are the fields we could identify.
page_field__1was page_0_field_0 (0.52 conf)page_field__2was page_0_field_1 (0.31 conf)page_field__3was page_0_field_2 (0.31 conf)idowas now_what_do_ido (0.37 conf)page_checkwas page_8_check_1 (0.26 conf)offeredwas offered__by (0.46 conf)whichwas which (0.41 conf)english_languagewas into_the_english_language (0.36 conf)supreme_cou_rtwas supreme_cou_rt (0.39 conf)ignmentwas ignment (0.35 conf)juvenile_lntake_officerwas juvenile_lntake_officer (0.43 conf)parentswas parents_or (0.40 conf)page_field__4was page_63_field_2 (0.32 conf)aiibiwas aiibi (0.35 conf)testimonywas a__testimony (0.42 conf)typeswas types (0.32 conf)af_fwas AFF016 (0.51 conf)
We've done our best to group similar variables togther to avoid overwhelming the user.
Suggested Screen 0:
page_field__1page_field__2page_field__3page_checkofferedwhichenglish_languagesupreme_cou_rtignmentjuvenile_lntake_officerpage_field__4aiibiaf_f
Suggested Screen 1:
ido
Suggested Screen 2:
parents
Suggested Screen 3:
testimony
Suggested Screen 4:
types
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